Dangerous goods - substances, materials and products that have the properties, the manifestation of which during transportation can cause an explosion and (or) fire, cause of death, illness, injury, poisoning, radiation or burns of people and (or) animals, as well as cause damage facilities, vehicles and other transportation facilities and (or) harmful to the environment.
Transport of dangerous goods - a set of organizational and technological operations on the movement of dangerous goods by rail, road, water, air and other modes of transport, or a combination of such modes.
The UN initiative was created ADR (Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route) European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods, it acts on the territory of all European Union countries as well as in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Morocco. In Russia it is called similar ADR. In addition to the ADR dangerous goods are also regulated in accordance with the Interim Instruction "On the transport of dangerous goods by road," the Ministry of Posts.
In addition to this agreement in Europe, the following contracts of carriage of dangerous goods:
IMDG CODE (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) - International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG).
ICAO-TI (Technical Instructions for The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by AIR) - Instructions on the carriage of dangerous goods by air, ICAO 9284 document.
RID (International Regulations Concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail) - Agreement on the carriage of dangerous goods by rail.
Dangerous goods are divided into classes that are based on the Model Regulations and Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, as well as in accordance with dangerous goods properties.
As dangerous goods are divided into classes and subclasses, according to GOST 19433-88 and IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods). The classification of (assignment to a class, subclass, group and category) is made depending on the type of danger. Hazards klasifitsiruyutsya on the following grounds. Explosive, flammable, poisonous (toxic), sarcasm (corrosiveness), radioactivity, oxidation (combustion promoting properties)
According to ADR of all dangerous goods have to have certain packaging group. Packaging group characterizes the degree of danger of the transported cargo. They are divided into three groups:
I - a very dangerous cargo.
II - a dangerous cargo.
III - slightly dangerous goods.
Especially dangerous 3 class - is the ability to evaporate. Closed package eliminates the formation and leakage of vapors. In 3-class may be one major danger and maximize 2 extra danger.
Class 1. The main danger.
Class 2. The main danger + toxicity.
Class 3. The main danger + corrosiveness.
Class 4. The main danger of toxicity + + corrosiveness.
Class 4.1 - Packing Group - II or III. About 5% of these substances have an additional danger - thermal instability - the possibility of an explosion (sulfur, cellulose).
Class 4.2 - packing group - I, II, III.
Class 4.3 - packing group - I, II, III.
Class 5.1 - packing group - I, II, III (fertilizers, hydrogen peroxide).
Class 5.2 - packaging group has not (raw him.zavodov).
Class 6.1 - groups of packages - I, II, III. It has a lot of additional hazards (hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, mercury-containing substances, and so on. D.).
Class 6.2 - no packaging groups.
Class 8 - groups of packages - I, II, III. It has a lot of extra dangers.
Class 9 - Group packages - II, III. (Asbestos dust - carcinogenic substances during combustion which dioxins, also carcinogens, do not decompose within 20 years).
2 feature class is that it does not have a major danger and does not have groups of packages. It features the following hazardous properties and their special notation:
A - -Create a suffocating lack of oxygen to breathe in closed spaces (noble gases).
O - oxidizing, that is promoting combustion (oxygen).
F - flammability (propane).
T - toxic.
Further, two or more hazardous properties simultaneously.
TF - + toxic flammable.
TC - + toxic caustic (corrosive).
TO - + oxidizing poisonous.
TFC - poisonous vosplameniyuschiesya + + caustic.
TOC - poisonous + oxidizing (burning contribute) + caustic (corrosive).
The main documents regulating the transport of dangerous goods by sea are:
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG).
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73 / 78).
SOLAS Convention (SOLAS 74).
Legislation of individual countries.
On the basis of legal acts of the federal level, developed and approved rules and regulations for the handling of dangerous goods, which clearly regulates all control procedures, safe transport with multimodal transport of goods, storage and handling in seaports. Under Russian law for transportation of dangerous goods are permitted vessels having documents in accordance with the Rules of Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG Regulations).
In the development of the route and the calculation of the cost of transportation is important to consider the need for additional fastening of the cargo, the loading or unloading with extreme caution, and the possibility of special equipment.
Movements of dangerous goods by rail shall be governed by the Agreement on International Goods Transport by Rail (SMGS), the Convention on International Carriage by Rail (COTIF), Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Goods by Rail (RID), regulations of individual states and commonwealths.
The following features of the transport of dangerous goods: a vehicle for the transport of dangerous goods must be ordered in advance (as a rule, 2-3 working days from the date of the alleged transportation); for the transport of dangerous goods need to prepare emergency cards, which are compiled on the basis of material data sheets, as well as route sheets, which indicate the routes transport of dangerous goods.
The driver must strictly adhere to the routes specified in the route sheet; It is necessary to prepare accompanying documents for the transport of dangerous goods: certificates, material passport, TTN, invoices. As a rule, 3-5 days are required for registration and approval of the route for the transport of dangerous goods; When transporting dangerous goods, it is necessary to comply with the speed regime, so the fast transport of ADR cargo is not allowed; Some groups of dangerous goods are allowed to be transported together; When loading, unloading, as well as during transportation of dangerous goods, the driver is the responsible person, and therefore he is entitled to not take the ADR freight for transportation if the accompanying documentation is incorrectly or incorrectly documented, the rules for the transport of dangerous goods are not observed, Or the packaging is deformed.
Labelling applied: for packages having a parallelepiped shape (including containers and packages) in the side, front and top surfaces: on the flanks - one of the ends and the shell on the two opposite sides; on bags - in the top of the seam on both sides; on bales and bales - at the end and side surfaces.
Waybill must be written on the official (state) language shipper. If this language is not English, French, German, and something else in addition to one of these languages.
When recording in the consignment note the name of the dangerous goods initially indicated UN identification number ... (or ANO ...) (eg UN 1256).
Then recorded the full name of dangerous goods (eg nitric acid).
Then specify the main class of danger (called the principal danger label number) and, if there is an additional hazard class (in parentheses) (referred to as an additional danger sign of number) - 8 (6.1), as well as indicate the packing group, if any - I.
An example of a complete record: UN 1256, nitric acid, 8 (6.1), I.
Packaging form, quantity and weight of the written words, for example: UN 1256, nitric acid, 3, III (drums, pieces 10, 2000 kg).
Empty and uncleaned packaging - examples:
Empty drums, 3 (6.1).
An empty tanker truck, load the last UN 1230, methanol, 3 (6.1), II.
An empty tanker truck, load the last UN 1203, petrol, 3, II.
These records can make himself autodriver anywhere copies of the invoice of the last load. These records are required.